Proof that
supplemental hydrogen improves emissions and fuel efficiency
has long been known by scientist and experts
The controversial debate on supplemental hydrogen use
(hydrogen induction into fuel burning engines) has long been
answered by scientist of recent times and decades ago. Yet the question
still lingers: Does supplemental hydrogen really work?
The documentations that follow are from reputable scientist and engineers
that studied hydrogen induction. Most of these documents are by the SAE
(Society of Automotive Engineers). Supplemental hydrogen development goes
back to the 1800's and in the early 1900's patent applications ensued (see
below). Some abbreviations used in these documents are as follows: ICE -
Internal Combustion Engine, and SI - Spark Ignition; as in an "SI engine".
Cassidy, J.F., Emissions
and Total Energy Consumption of a Multi-Cylinder Piston Engine Running on
Gasoline and a Hydrogen-Gasoline Mixture, Technical Note Report #
E-9105, May, 1977, National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Washington, D.C. Adding hydrogen to gasoline significantly increased flame
speed and allows for a leaner air/fuel ratio. All emissions levels
decreased at these leaner conditions.
Allgeier, T., Klenk, M., Landenfeld, T., Conte, E.,
Boulouchos, K., Czerwinski, J., Advanced
Emission and Fuel Economy Concept Using Combined Injection of Gasoline and
Hydrogen in SI Engines, Publication #2004-01-1270, March, 2004,
Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI. Adding hydrogen to gasoline
produces improvements in engine efficiency and emissions.
Apostolescu, N., Chiriac, R., A
Study of Combustion of Hydrogen-Enriched Gasoline in a Spark Ignition
Engine, Publication #960603, February, 1996, Society of Automotive
Engineers, Troy, MI. Adding hydrogen to gasoline produces improvements in
engine efficiency and emissions, due to accelerated combustion.
Conte, E., Boulouchos, K., Influence
of Hydrogen-Rich-Gas Addition on Combustion, Pollutant Formation and
Efficiency of an IC-SI Engine, Publication #2004-01-0972, March,
2004, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI. Adding hydrogen to
gasoline results in lower emissions and a significant increase in engine
efficiency.
Fontana, G., Galloni, E., Jannelli, E., Minutillo, M.,
Performance
and Fuel Consumption Estimation of a Hydrogen Enriched Gasoline Engine at
Part-Load Operation, Publication #2002-01-2196, July, 2002, Society
of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI. Adding hydrogen to gasoline increases
the flame speed at all gasoline air/fuel ratios, so engine operation at
very lean mixtures is possible.
Goldwitz, J., Heywood, J., Combustion
Optimization in a Hydrogen-Enhanced Lean Burn SI Engine, Publication
#2005-01-0251, April, 2005, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI.
Adding hydrogen to gasoline can extend the lean limits of the air/fuel
ratio.
Green, J., Bromberg, L., Cohn, D., Rabinovitch, A.,
Domingo, N., Storey, J., Wagner, R., Armfield, J., Experimental
Evaluation of SI Engine Operation Supplemented By Hydrogen Rich Gas From a
Compact Plasma Boosted Reformer, Publication #2000-01-2206, June,
2000, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI. Adding hydrogen to
gasoline can reduce exhaust emissions and increase efficiency. A large
reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions can be achieved without a catalytic
converter due to very lean operation under certain conditions.
Henshaw, P., DAndrea, T., Ting, D., Sobiesiak, A., Investigating
Combustion Enhancement and Emissions Reduction With the Addition of 2H2 +
O2 to a SI Engine, Publication #2003-32-0011, September, 2003,
Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI. Adding hydrogen to gasoline
resulted in improved engine.
Houseman, J., Cerini, D.,
On-Board Hydrogen
Generator for a Partial Hydrogen Injection Internal Combustion,
Publication #740600, February, 1974, Society of Automotive Engineers,
Troy, MI. A compact onboard hydrogen generator has been developed for use
with a hydrogen-enriched gasoline internal combustion engine.
Jing-ding, L., Ying-ging, L., Tian-shen, D., An
Experimental Study on Combustion of Gasoline-Hydrogen Mixed Fuel,
Publication #830897, April, 1989, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy,
MI. Adding hydrogen to gasoline produces improvements in engine efficiency
and emissions due to accelerated flame speed and combustion rate.
Lang, O., Habermann, K., Thiele, R., Fricke, F., Gasoline
Combustion with Future Fuels, Publication #2007-26-021, January,
2007, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI. This paper describes
current and future gasoline combustion systems with emphasis on efficiency
improvement and emission reduction.
Shinagawa, T., Okumura, T., Furuno, S., Kim, K., Effects
of Hydrogen Addition to SI Engine on Knock Behavior, Publication
#2004-01-1851, June, 2004, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI.
Adding hydrogen to gasoline reduced knock due to accelerated fuel burn and
shortened combustion period.
Sjarstrarm, K., Eriksson, S., Landqvist, G., Onboard
Hydrogen Generation for Hydrogen Injection into Internal Combustion
Engines, Publication #810348, February, 1981, Society of Automotive
Engineers, Troy, MI. Adding hydrogen to gasoline showed a potential for
very low pollutant emissions with increased energy efficiency.
Stebar, R., Parks, F., Emission
Control with Lean Operation Using Hydrogen-Supplemented Fuel,
Publication #740187, February, 1974, Society of Automotive Engineers,
Troy, MI. Adding hydrogen to gasoline resulted in significant efficiency
improvements due to the extension of the lean operating limit.
Tully, E., Heywood, J., Lean-Burn
Characteristics of a Gasoline Engine Enriched with Hydrogen from a
Plasmatron Fuel Reformer, Publication #2003-01-0630, March, 2003,
Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI. Adding hydrogen to gasoline
extended the lean limit of engine operation, resulting in greater
efficiency and reduced emissions, both hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.
Conte, E., Boulouchos, K., A
Quasi-Dimensional Model for Estimating the Influence of Hydrogen- Rich Gas
Addition on Turbulent Flame Speed and Flame Front Propagation in IC-SI
Engines, Publication #2005-01-0232, April, 2005, Society of
Automotive Engineers, Troy, MI.
Adding hydrogen to gasoline produces lower emissions due to increased
flame speed and resultant accelerated fuel burn.
Heywood, J.,
Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill International
Editions Automotive Technology Series, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1988.
This text, by a leading authority in the field, presents a fundamental and
factual development of the science and engineering underlying the design
of combustion engines and turbines. An extensive illustration program
supports the concepts and theories discussed. It is referenced in many of
the papers listed in this document.
Lewis, B., Von Elbe, G.,
Combustion, Flames, and Explosions of Gases, 3rd ed., Academic Press,
Orlando, FL, 1987. The fundamental principles of gas combustion are.
Extensive diagrams, graphs, photographs, and tables of numerical data are
provided. Referenced in the links in this document.
Taylor, C.
The Internal Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice, 2 Vols., 2nd
ed., Revised, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1985. This revised edition of a
classic work incorporates changes due to an emphasis on fuel economy and
reduced emissions.
Documented United States Patents
United States Patent #1,112,188 issued on September 29,
1914 to Leonard Atwood
A means for improving combustion by mixing different fuels.
United States Patent #1,262,034 issued on April 9, 1918 to Charles Frazer
A hydro-oxygen generator for use with internal combustion engines.
United States Patent #1,490,975 issued on April 15, 1924 to William Howard
Improving internal combustion engines by introducing hydrogen gas to
increase flame speed.
United States Patent #1,876,879 issued on September 13, 1932 to Walter
Drabold
Improving internal combustion engines by varying the proportions of
energized gases to supplement normal carburetion.
United States Patent #2,509,498 issued on May 30, 1950 to George Heyl
Supplementing the fuel-air mixture in an internal combustion engine by
adding oxygen and hydrogen produced by electrolysis.
United States Patent #3,311,097 issued on March 28, 1967 to Georg
Mittelstaedt
Introduction of hydrogen and oxygen produced by electrolysis improves fuel
economy, increases power, and reduces emissions.
United States Patent #4,023,545 issued on May 17, 1977 to Edward Mosher
and John Webster
An on-board electrolysis unit powered by the existing electrical system
comprises a stainless steel tank, anode and cathode.
United States Patent #6,209,493 issued on April 3, 2001 to Bill Ross
An on-board electrolysis unit includes a sealed plastic body, reservoir,
and shut-offs for low-level, high temperature, and high pressure.
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